Foreign relations and military1 `) K2 U: P1 n8 J8 S
Main articles: Foreign relations of the United States and Military of the United States
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President George W. Bush (right) with former UK prime minister Tony BlairThe United States has vast economic, political, and military influence on a global scale, which makes its foreign policy a subject of great interest around the world. Almost all countries have embassies in Washington, D.C., and many host consulates around the country. Likewise, nearly all nations host American diplomatic missions. However, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Bhutan, and Sudan do not have formal diplomatic relations with the United States.[41]
8 @/ L0 w! i% R% tbbs.5432.net考研,考研论坛6 M3 J2 \/ e+ s
American isolationists have often been at odds with internationalists, as American anti-imperialists have been with promoters of Manifest Destiny and American Empire. American imperialism in the Philippines drew sharp rebukes from Mark Twain and many others. Later, President Woodrow Wilson played a key role in creating the League of Nations, but the Senate prohibited American membership in it. Isolationism became a thing of the past when the United States took a lead role in founding the United Nations, becoming a permanent member of the Security Council and host to the United Nations headquarters. The U.S. enjoys a special relationship with Britain and strong ties with Australia, Japan, Israel, and fellow NATO members. It also works closely with its neighbors through the Organization of American States and free trade agreements such as the trilateral North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico. In 2005, the U.S. spent $27.3 billion on official development assistance, the most in the world; however, as a share of gross national income (GNI), the U.S. contribution of 0.22 percent ranked twentieth of twenty-two donor states. On the other hand, nongovernmental sources such as private foundations, corporations, and educational and religious institutions donated $95.5 billion. The total of $122.8 billion is again the most in the world and seventh in terms of GNI percentage.[42]
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j, W$ i* _8 l& X6 w U# ]) h5432考研论坛The USS Ronald Reagan aircraft carrierThe president holds the title of commander-in-chief of the nation's armed forces and appoints its leaders, the secretary of defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The United States Department of Defense administers the armed forces, including the Army, the Navy, the Marine Corps, and the Air Force. The Coast Guard falls under the jurisdiction of the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime but is placed under the Department of the Navy in times of war. In 2005, the military had 1.38 million personnel on active duty,[43] along with several hundred thousand each in the Reserves and the National Guard for a total of 2.3 million troops. The Department of Defense also employs approximately 700,000 civilians, disregarding contractors. Military service is voluntary, though conscription may occur in wartime through the Selective Service System. The rapid deployment of American forces is ensured in part by the Air Force's large fleet of transportation aircraft and aerial refueling tankers, the Navy's fleet of eleven active aircraft carriers, and Marine Expeditionary Units at sea in the Navy's Atlantic and Pacific fleets. Outside of the American homeland, the U.S. military is deployed to 770 bases and facilities, on every continent except Antarctica.[44] Due to the extent of its global military presence, scholars describe the United States as maintaining an "empire of bases."[45]
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Z1 V) s& n. _U.S. military spending in 2006, over $528 billion, was 46 percent of the entire military spending in the world and greater than the next fourteen largest national military expenditures combined. (In purchasing power parity terms, it was larger than the next six such expenditures combined.) The per capita spending of $1,756 was approximately ten times the world average.[46] At 4.06 percent of GDP, U.S. military spending ranked 27th out of 172 nations.[47] The official Department of Defense budget in 2006, $419.3 billion, was a 5 percent increase over 2005.[48] The total cost to the U.S. of the war in Iraq is estimated to come to $2.267 trillion.[49] As of June 28, 2007, the U.S. had suffered 3,570 military fatalities during the war and over 25,500 wounded.[50]
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C. y B1 k2 a% t0 r2 |) _Foreign relations and military5432考研论坛; K: {, ^0 V: S4 A; M
Main articles: Foreign relations of the United States and Military of the United States
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: Y+ m9 l# k/ K5 p& O e% k6 ^bbs.5432.netPresident George W. Bush (right) with former UK prime minister Tony BlairThe United States has vast economic, political, and military influence on a global scale, which makes its foreign policy a subject of great interest around the world. Almost all countries have embassies in Washington, D.C., and many host consulates around the country. Likewise, nearly all nations host American diplomatic missions. However, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Bhutan, and Sudan do not have formal diplomatic relations with the United States.[41]# k, v; P: @2 ?
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American isolationists have often been at odds with internationalists, as American anti-imperialists have been with promoters of Manifest Destiny and American Empire. American imperialism in the Philippines drew sharp rebukes from Mark Twain and many others. Later, President Woodrow Wilson played a key role in creating the League of Nations, but the Senate prohibited American membership in it. Isolationism became a thing of the past when the United States took a lead role in founding the United Nations, becoming a permanent member of the Security Council and host to the United Nations headquarters. The U.S. enjoys a special relationship with Britain and strong ties with Australia, Japan, Israel, and fellow NATO members. It also works closely with its neighbors through the Organization of American States and free trade agreements such as the trilateral North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico. In 2005, the U.S. spent $27.3 billion on official development assistance, the most in the world; however, as a share of gross national income (GNI), the U.S. contribution of 0.22 percent ranked twentieth of twenty-two donor states. On the other hand, nongovernmental sources such as private foundations, corporations, and educational and religious institutions donated $95.5 billion. The total of $122.8 billion is again the most in the world and seventh in terms of GNI percentage.[42]$ {5 X5 {9 H+ }& o/ @& g1 E
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: \$ B0 ~ s1 i* u0 PThe USS Ronald Reagan aircraft carrierThe president holds the title of commander-in-chief of the nation's armed forces and appoints its leaders, the secretary of defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The United States Department of Defense administers the armed forces, including the Army, the Navy, the Marine Corps, and the Air Force. The Coast Guard falls under the jurisdiction of the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime but is placed under the Department of the Navy in times of war. In 2005, the military had 1.38 million personnel on active duty,[43] along with several hundred thousand each in the Reserves and the National Guard for a total of 2.3 million troops. The Department of Defense also employs approximately 700,000 civilians, disregarding contractors. Military service is voluntary, though conscription may occur in wartime through the Selective Service System. The rapid deployment of American forces is ensured in part by the Air Force's large fleet of transportation aircraft and aerial refueling tankers, the Navy's fleet of eleven active aircraft carriers, and Marine Expeditionary Units at sea in the Navy's Atlantic and Pacific fleets. Outside of the American homeland, the U.S. military is deployed to 770 bases and facilities, on every continent except Antarctica.[44] Due to the extent of its global military presence, scholars describe the United States as maintaining an "empire of bases."[45]5432考研论坛' Q- q4 G' o- S
5432考研论坛，是考研人的网上考研家园，主要向考研人提供考研问题咨询、考研公共课讨论、考研专业课讨论、考研学校试题笔记和招生信息讨论等* K' A- s4 F2 G7 @% ]8 a/ r2 }" a$ C9 M
U.S. military spending in 2006, over $528 billion, was 46 percent of the entire military spending in the world and greater than the next fourteen largest national military expenditures combined. (In purchasing power parity terms, it was larger than the next six such expenditures combined.) The per capita spending of $1,756 was approximately ten times the world average.[46] At 4.06 percent of GDP, U.S. military spending ranked 27th out of 172 nations.[47] The official Department of Defense budget in 2006, $419.3 billion, was a 5 percent increase over 2005.[48] The total cost to the U.S. of the war in Iraq is estimated to come to $2.267 trillion.[49] As of June 28, 2007, the U.S. had suffered 3,570 military fatalities during the war and over 25,500 wounded.[50]
